Health systems in sub-Saharan Africa reflect chronic technical and human underdevelopment. A better understanding of these deficiencies is essential to bring the African health economy closer to international standards, which have been steadily rising in recent years thanks to major medical advances. This public health issue goes beyond the African continent. It is one of the major challenges of tomorrow, which the world must rise to if it is not to upset the increasingly fragile social and geopolitical balance of the world.